https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/ARTL_a_00210
co-evolution, and major transitions as examples
open-endedness is a property of fitness landscapes, says a guy.
Banzhaf identified three different types of novelty:
(1) novelty within a model (variation),
(2) novelty that changes the model (innovation), and
(3) novelty that changes the meta-model5 (emergence).
NEAT and HyperNEAT
Instead of using the NEAT algorithm to evolve neural networks directly, HyperNEAT uses NEAT to evolve CPPNs. This means that more “activation” functions are used for CPPNs since things like Gaussians give rise to symmetry and trigonometric functions help with repetition of structure.